New Wave is a genre of music that emerged in the mid to late 1970s alongside punk rock Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed between 1974 and 1976 in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music, punk rock bands eschewed the perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. They created fast, hard-edged music, typically with short songs,. The term at first generally was synonymous with punk rock Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed between 1974 and 1976 in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music, punk rock bands eschewed the perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. They created fast, hard-edged music, typically with short songs, before being considered a genre in its own right that incorporated aspects of electronic Electronic music is music that employs electronic musical instruments and electronic music technology in its production. In general a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond and experimental music Experimental music refers, in the English-language literature, to a compositional tradition which arose in the mid-twentieth century, applied particularly in North America to music composed in such a way that its outcome is unforeseeable. Its most famous and influential exponent was John Cage . More loosely, the term "experimental" is, mod subculture, and disco Disco is a genre of dance music whose popularity peaked during the middle to late 1970s. It had its roots in clubs that catered to African American, gay, psychedelic and other communities in New York City and Philadelphia during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Disco was a reaction by New York City's gays as well as black and Latino heterosexuals and 1960s pop music, as well as much of the original punk rock sound and ethos, such as an emphasis on short and punchy songs.^[4][6] The 1990s and 2000s have seen revivals, and a number of acts that have been influenced by a variety of New Wave styles.

Overview

The term "New Wave" itself has been a source of much confusion and controversy. It was used in 1976 in the UK by punk fanzines A fanzine is a nonprofessional and nonofficial publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon (such as a literary or musical genre) for the pleasure of others who share their interest. The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by Russ Chauvenet and first popularized within science fiction fandom, from whom it such as Sniffin' Glue, and then by the professional music press.^[7] In a November 1976 article in Melody Maker, Caroline Coon used Malcolm McLaren's term "New Wave" to designate music by bands not exactly punk, but related and part of the same musical scene^[8]; the term was also used in that sense by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, while writing about The Boomtown Rats.^[9] For a period of time in 1976 and 1977 the two terms were interchangeable.^[10][11] By the end of 1977, "New Wave" had replaced "Punk" as the definition for new underground music Underground music refers to a variety of music subgenres that usually develop a subcultural cult following despite their lack of mainstream appeal, visibility, or commercial promotion. Underground bands and artists are often signed with independent record labels, and they typically perform in small venues and promote their music through word-of- in the UK.^[7]

In the United States, Sire Records Sire Records is an American record label, owned by Warner Music Group and distributed through Warner Bros. Records needed a term by which it could market its newly signed bands, who had frequently played the club CBGB CBGB was a music club at 315 Bowery at Bleecker Street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Because radio consultants in the United States had advised their clients that punk rock was a fad, they settled on the term "New Wave". Like those film makers, its new artists, such as the Ramones The Ramones were an American rock band that formed in Forest Hills, Queens, New York in 1974 and are often cited as the first punk rock group. Despite achieving only limited commercial success, the band was a major influence on the punk rock movement both in the United States and the United Kingdom and Talking Heads Talking Heads was an American rock band formed in 1974 in New York City and active until 1991. The band comprised David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Tina Weymouth and Jerry Harrison. Auxiliary musicians also frequently made appearances in concert and on the group's albums, were anti-corporate and experimental. At first most American writers exclusively used the term "New Wave" to describe British punk acts. Starting in December 1976, The New York Rocker, which was suspicious of the term "punk," became the first American journal to enthusiastically use the term starting with British acts, and later appropriating it to acts associated with the CBGB CBGB was a music club at 315 Bowery at Bleecker Street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City scene.^[7]

Music historian Vernon Joynson states that new wave emerged in the U.K. in late 1976, when many bands began disassociating themselves from punk.^[12] Music that followed the anarchic garage band Garage rock is a raw form of rock and roll that was first popular in the United States and Canada from about 1963 to 1967. During the 1960s, it was not recognized as a separate music genre and had no specific name. In the early 1970s, some rock critics retroactively labelled it as punk rock. However, the music style was later referred to as garage ethos of the Sex Pistols was distinguished as "punk", while music that tended toward experimentation, lyrical complexity, or more polished production, came to be categorized as "New Wave". This came to include musicians who had come to prominence in the British pub rock scene of the mid-1970s, such as Ian Dury Ian Robins Dury was an English rock and roll singer, lyricist, bandleader and actor who initially rose to fame during the late 1970s, during the punk and New Wave era of rock music. He is best known as founder, frontman, and lead singer of the British band Ian Dury and the Blockheads, who were one of the groups of the New Wave era in the UK, Nick Lowe Nicholas Drain Lowe , better known as Nick Lowe, is an English singer-songwriter, musician and producer, Eddie and the Hot Rods and Dr. Feelgood;^[13] and according to allmusic Allmusic is a service of music guide, owned by All Media Guide. Allmusic was founded in 1991 by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine as a guide for consumers. Its first reference book was published the following year. AMG on the Internet predates the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site "angry, intelligent" singer-songwriters Singer-songwriter are musicians who write, compose and sing their own material including lyrics and melodies. They often provide the sole accompaniment to an entire composition or song, typically using a guitar or piano. A number of other well-known musicians may write some of their own songs, but are usually called singers instead who "approached pop music with the sardonic attitude and tense, aggressive energy of punk" such as Elvis Costello Declan Patrick MacManus , known by the stage name Elvis Costello, is a British singer-songwriter. He came to prominence as an early participant in London's pub rock scene in the mid-1970s and later became associated with the New Wave musical genre. Steeped in word play, the vocabulary of Costello's lyrics is broader than that of most popular songs, Joe Jackson Joe Jackson is an English musician and singer-songwriter now living in Berlin, whose five Grammy nominations span 1979 to 2001. He is probably best-known for the 1979 hit song "Is She Really Going Out with Him?", which still gets extensive FM radio airplay; for his 1982 hit, "Steppin' Out"; and for his 1984 success with, ", and Graham Parker.^[14] In the U.S., the first New Wavers were the not-so-punk acts associated with the New York club CBGB CBGB was a music club at 315 Bowery at Bleecker Street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, such as Talking Heads Talking Heads was an American rock band formed in 1974 in New York City and active until 1991. The band comprised David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Tina Weymouth and Jerry Harrison. Auxiliary musicians also frequently made appearances in concert and on the group's albums, Mink DeVille and Blondie Blondie is an American pop/rock band founded by singer Deborah Harry and guitarist Chris Stein, the band was a pioneer in the early American new wave and punk rock scenes of the mid 1970s. Their first two albums contained strong elements of these genres, and although successful in the United Kingdom and Australia, Blondie was regarded as an.^[15] CBGB CBGB was a music club at 315 Bowery at Bleecker Street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City owner Hilly Kristal, referring to the first show of the band Television Television is an American new wave/punk band, formed in New York City in 1973. Although Television have never had more than a cult audience in their American homeland, they have achieved significant commercial success in Europe. Today, they are widely regarded as one of the key founders of new wave music and seminal influences on punk rock.[ at his club in March 1974, said, "I think of that as the beginning of new wave."^[16] Furthermore, many artists who would have originally been classified as punk were also termed New Wave. A 1977 Phonogram Records compilation album of the same name (New Wave) features US artists including the Dead Boys, Ramones The Ramones were an American rock band that formed in Forest Hills, Queens, New York in 1974 and are often cited as the first punk rock group. Despite achieving only limited commercial success, the band was a major influence on the punk rock movement both in the United States and the United Kingdom, Talking Heads Talking Heads was an American rock band formed in 1974 in New York City and active until 1991. The band comprised David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Tina Weymouth and Jerry Harrison. Auxiliary musicians also frequently made appearances in concert and on the group's albums and The Runaways.^[15][17]

Talking Heads set the template for the New Wave sound of this era. This sound represented a break from the smooth-oriented blues and rock & roll sounds of late 1960s to mid 1970s rock music. According to music journalist Simon Reynolds, the music had a twitchy, agitated feel to it. New Wave musicians often played choppy rhythm guitars with fast tempos. Keyboards were common as were stop-and-start song structures and melodies. Reynolds noted that New Wave vocalists sounded high-pitched, geeky and suburban.^[6]

Power Pop Power pop is a popular musical genre that draws its inspiration from 1960s British and American pop and rock music. It typically incorporates a combination of musical devices such as strong melodies, crisp vocal harmonies, economical arrangements, and prominent guitar riffs. Instrumental solos are usually kept to a minimum, and blues elements are, a genre that started before punk at the very beginning of the 1970s, became associated with New Wave at the end of the decade because their brief catchy songs fit into the mood of the era. The Romantics The Romantics are an American rock band from Detroit, Michigan, formed in 1977. The band adopted the name "The Romantics" because they formed on Valentine's Day, 1977. The Romantics achieved moderate popularity in the United States, Canada, parts of Asia, Australia, Europe, and Latin America during the first half of the 1980s on the, The Records, The Motors The Motors were a British pub rock/punk band, formed in London in 1977 by former Ducks Deluxe members Nick Garvey and Andy McMaster together with guitarist Rob Hendry and drummer Ricky Slaughter. Their biggest success was with the McMaster penned song "Airport", a number 4 UK hit single in 1978^[15], Cheap Trick Cheap Trick is an American rock band from Rockford, Illinois, formed in 1974. The band consists of members Robin Zander , Rick Nielsen (lead guitar, backing vocals), Tom Petersson (electric bass, backing vocals), and Bun E. Carlos (drums, percussion), and 20/20 were groups that had success playing this style.^[18] Helped by the success of power pop groups such as The Knack, skinny ties became fashionable among New Wave musicians.^[11]

A revival of ska music 2 Tone is a music genre created in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s by fusing elements of ska, punk rock, rocksteady, reggae and New Wave. It was called 2 Tone because most of the bands were signed to 2 Tone Records at some point. Other labels associated with the 2 Tone sound were Stiff Records and Go Feet Records. Within the history of ska, 2 led by The Specials The Specials are an English 2 Tone ska revival band formed in 1977 in Coventry, England. Their music combined a "danceable ska and rocksteady beat with punk's energy and attitude", and had a "more focused and informed political and social stance" than other ska groups. The group was formed by songwriter/keyboardist Jerry, Madness Madness are a British pop/ska band from Camden Town, London, that formed in 1976. In 2009, the band have continued to perform with their most recognised lineup of seven members, although their lineup has varied slightly over the years. They were one of the most prominent bands of the late-1970s 2 Tone ska revival and the English Beat added humor and a strong dance beat to New Wave.^[1]

Later still, "New Wave" came to imply a less noisy, often synthesizer-based, pop sound. The term post-punk Post-punk is a rock music movement with its roots in the late 1970s, following on the heels of the initial punk rock explosion of the mid-1970s. The genre retains its roots in the punk movement but is more introverted, complex and experimental. Post-punk laid the groundwork for alternative rock by broadening the range of punk and underground music, was coined to describe the darker, less pop-influenced groups, such as Gang of Four Gang of Four are an English post-punk group from Leeds. Original personnel were singer Jon King, guitarist Andy Gill, bass guitarist Dave Allen and drummer Hugo Burnham. They were fully active from 1977 to 1984, and then re-emerged twice in the 1990s with King and Gill. In 2004, the original line-up reunited but in 2006 Allen was replaced on bass, Joy Division Joy Division were an English rock band formed in 1976 in Salford, Greater Manchester. Originally named Warsaw, the band primarily consisted of Ian Curtis , Bernard Sumner (guitar and keyboards), Peter Hook (bass guitar and backing vocals) and Stephen Morris (drums and percussion), The Cure The Cure are an English rock band formed in Crawley, West Sussex in 1976. The band has experienced several line-up changes, with frontman, vocalist, guitarist and principal songwriter Robert Smith being the only constant member. The Cure first began releasing music in the late 1970s with their debut album Three Imaginary Boys ; this, along with, and Siouxsie and the Banshees, some of which did later adopt synths.^[19][20] Although distinct, punk, New Wave, and post-punk all shared common ground: an energetic reaction to the supposedly overproduced, uninspired popular music of the 1970s.^[21]

The New York Dolls arrived and galvanised the entire scene. Real glam trash. Beautiful. They proved it was possible to be trashy and good at the same time. Kicked everyone into action at a desperate moment. They saved us all. At that moment, I was drawing lines into New York and the Velvets, European avant garde and electronic music, previous generation's Brit Psychedelia plus a ragged sort of insulting glam. I guess this was the start of the New Wave. By the way, whoever coined that New Wave byline is my hero. Because a New Wave is precisely what it was - and precisely what was needed at that moment. John Foxx^[22]

Allmusic Allmusic is a service of music guide, owned by All Media Guide. Allmusic was founded in 1991 by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine as a guide for consumers. Its first reference book was published the following year. AMG on the Internet predates the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site explained that New Wave's stylistic diversity occurred because New Wave "retained the fresh vigor and irreverence of punk music, as well as a fascination with electronics, style, and art". This diversity extended to the numerous one hit wonders that came out of the genre.^[23][24]

The term fell out of favour in the United Kingdom during the early 1980s because its usage had become too general.^[15] Conventional wisdom holds that the genre "died" in the middle of the 1980s. Theo Cateforis, Assistant Professor of Music History and Cultures at Syracuse University Syracuse University is a private research university located in Syracuse, New York, United States. It was founded as a university in 1870, but its roots can be traced back to a seminary, founded by the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1832, which eventually became Genesee College. Since 1920, the university has identified itself as nonsectarian, contends New Wave "receded" during this period when advances in synthesizer technology caused New Wave groups and mainstream pop and rock groups to sound more alike.^[11]

Reception in The United States

In the summer of 1977 both Time Time is an American news magazine. A European edition (Time Europe, formerly known as Time Atlantic) is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition (Time Asia) is based in Hong Kong. As of 2009, Time no longer publishes a Canadian advertiser edition. The South Pacific edition,^[25] and Newsweek Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It is distributed throughout the United States and internationally. It is the second largest news weekly magazine in the U.S., having trailed Time in circulation and advertising revenue for most of its existence. Newsweek is published in four English language editions and 12 magazines wrote favorable lead stories on the "punk/new wave"^[23] movement. Rock critics had mixed opinions. Acts associated with the movement received little or no radio airplay or music industry support. Small scenes developed in major cities. Continuing into the next year, public support remained limited to select elements of the artistic, bohemian and intellectual population ^[7] as arena rock Arena rock is a loosely defined term describing a generation of rock music. It was established by heavy metal, hard rock and progressive rock bands in the 1970s. Arena rock songs feature "slick productions", an emphasis on vocal harmonies on the choruses and an "unnatural emphasis on large, anthemic hooks and choruses", the and disco dominated the charts.^[24]

Starting in late 1978 and continuing into 1979, acts associated with punk and acts that mixed punk with other genres began to make chart appearances and receive airplay on rock stations. Blondie Blondie is an American pop/rock band founded by singer Deborah Harry and guitarist Chris Stein, the band was a pioneer in the early American new wave and punk rock scenes of the mid 1970s. Their first two albums contained strong elements of these genres, and although successful in the United Kingdom and Australia, Blondie was regarded as an, Talking Heads Talking Heads was an American rock band formed in 1974 in New York City and active until 1991. The band comprised David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Tina Weymouth and Jerry Harrison. Auxiliary musicians also frequently made appearances in concert and on the group's albums, and The Cars The Cars were an American rock band that emerged from the early New Wave music scene in the late 1970s. The band consisted of singer and rhythm guitarist Ric Ocasek, singer and bassist Benjamin Orr, guitarist Elliot Easton, keyboardist Greg Hawkes and drummer David Robinson. The band originated from Boston, Massachusetts, and were signed to would chart during this period.^[11][24] My Sharona "My Sharona" is the debut single by The Knack, released in 1979 from their album Get the Knack. It reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart where it remained for six weeks and was #1 on Billboard's Top Pop Singles of 1979 year-end chart. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, a single from The Knack, was Billboard Billboard is a weekly American magazine devoted to the music industry, and is one of the oldest trade magazines in the world. It is often considered to be one of the 'holy grails' of the entertainment industry, and the official trade publication of the music industry; it is typically regarded as one of the most relevant and unbiased sources of magazine's number one single of 1979. The success of "My Sharona" caused record companies to rush out and sign New Wave groups.^[11] New Wave music scenes developed in Ohio The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a^[24] and Athens, Georgia Athens-Clarke County is a unified city-county in Georgia, U.S., in the northeastern part of the state. The University of Georgia is located in this college town and is responsible for the initial creation of Athens and its subsequent growth. In 1991, after a vote the preceding year, the original city abandoned its charter in order to form a.^[26] 1980 saw brief forays into New Wave-styled music by non new wave artists Billy Joel William Martin "Billy" Joel is an American musician and pianist, singer-songwriter, and classical composer. Since releasing his first hit song, "Piano Man", in 1973, Joel has become the sixth best-selling recording artist and the third best-selling solo artist in the United States, according to the RIAA and Linda Ronstadt.^[11] The release during this period of Gary Numan's album The Pleasure Principle would be the pop chart breakthrough for gender-bending synthpop acts with a cool, detached stage presence.^[24]

In 1980 hostility existed among those who determined radio play lists. Early in the year highly influential radio consultant Lee Abrams wrote a memo saying with a few exceptions "we're not going to be seeing many of the New Wave circuit acts happening very big over here (in America). As a movement, we don't expect it to have much influence." Lee Ferguson consultant to KWST interviewed at the time, said Los Angeles radio stations were banning disc jockeys from using the term and noted that "Most of the people who call music New Wave are the are the ones looking for a way not to play it".^[27] Second albums by artists who had successful debut albums, along with the newly signed artists, both failed to sell and radio did pull New Wave programming.^[11]

The arrival of MTV in 1981 would usher in New Wave's most successful era. British artists, unlike many of their American counterparts, had learned how to use the music video early on.^[24][28] Several British acts signed to independent labels were able to outmarket and outsell American artists that were signed with major labels. Journalists labeled this phenomenon a "Second British Invasion".^[28][29] MTV continued its heavy rotation of videos by New Wave-oriented acts until 1987, when it changed to a Heavy Metal and rock dominated format.^[30]

14% of teenagers answering a December 1982 Gallup Poll rated New Wave music as their favorite genre, making it the third most popular genre. New Wave had its greatest popularity on the West Coast. Unlike other genres, race was not a factor in the popularity of New Wave music ^[31]. Urban Contemporary radio stations were the first to play New Wave music.^[32] By this period the definition of New Wave music in the United States had changed from the less rebellious, more commercial version of punk that it had been described as a few years earlier. For most of the remainder of the 1980s the term "New Wave" was used in America to describe nearly every new pop or pop rock artist that largely used synthesizers. New Wave is still used today to describe these acts, as well as late 1970s and 1980s post punk and alternative acts.^[1][33][34]

Fans, music journalists, and artists would rebel against this catch-all definition by inventing dozens of genre names.^[11][24] Synthpop, which filled a void left by disco,^[35] was a broad subgenre that included groups such as The Human League, Depeche Mode, a-ha, Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark and the Pet Shop Boys.^[24]

New Wave soundtracks were used in mainstream "Brat Pack" films such as Valley Girl, Sixteen Candles, Pretty In Pink, and The Breakfast Club.^[24][36] Critics would describe the MTV acts as shallow or vapid,^[24][28] but the danceable quality of the music and quirky fashion sense associated with New Wave artists appealed to audiences.^[24] The use of synthesizers by New Wave acts influenced the development of House music in Chicago and Techno in Detroit. New Wave’s indie spirit would be crucial to the development of college rock and grunge/alternative rock in the latter half of the 1980s and beyond.^[24] New Wave is considered part of Alternative Rock today.^[1]

1990s lull, 2000s resurgence

In 1991 Retro futurist acts such as Stereolab and Saint Etienne mixed New Wave and kitschy 1960s pop.^[37] In the aftermath of grunge, the British music press launched a campaign to promote the New Wave of New Wave. This campaign involved overtly punk and New Wave influenced acts such as Elastica and Smash, but was eclipsed by Britpop.^[15] Other acts of note during the 1990s included No Doubt, Six Finger Satellite, and Brainiac.^[38][39] During that decade the synthesizer heavy dance sounds British and European New Wave acts influenced various incarnations of Eurodisco and trance.^[24][35] Chris Martin was inspired to start Coldplay by a-ha^[40]

During the early 2000s a number of acts emerged that mined from a diversity of New Wave and post-punk influences. Among these were The Strokes, Interpol, Franz Ferdinand, The Epoxies, Bloc Party and The Killers. These acts were sometimes labeled "New New Wave". New Wave continued to be influential through the rest of the decade with acts such as The Sounds, The Ting Tings, Tegan and Sara, Owl City, Lady Gaga, La Roux, Shiny Toy Guns,^[41] Santogold, Hockey^[42],and Ladyhawke.^{[38][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]} While some journalists and fans regarded this as a revival, others argue that the phenomenon is a continuation of the original movements.^{[38][51][52][53]}

In 2009 Indie music acts were regularly citing various 1980s New Wave acts as their influences.^[35]

Parallel movements

• Coldwave
• Dark Wave
• Neue Deutsche Welle
• No Wave

See also

• List of New Wave bands and artists

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Essay about New Wave's definition and list of essential New Wave Records from allmusic
2. ^ Cooper,Kim, Smay, David, Bubblegum Music is the Naked Truth (2001), page 248 "Nobody took the bubblegum ethos to heart like the new wave bands"/
3. ^ Keyboard Magazine, June 1982
4. ^ ^{a b} Disco inferno The Independent December 11, 2004
5. ^ Bernard Edwards, 43, Musician In Disco Band and Pop Producer The New York Times April 22, 1996 "As disco waned in the late 70's, so did Chic's album sales. But its influence lingered on as new wave, rap and dance-pop bands found inspiration in Chic's club anthems"
6. ^ ^{a b} Reynolds, Simon "Rip It Up and Start Again PostPunk 1978-1984" p160
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Gendron, Bernard (2002). Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club: Popular Music and the Avant-Garde (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press), pp. 269–270.
8. ^ Clinton Heylin, Babylon's Burning (Conongate, 2007), pp. 140, 172.
9. ^ Murray, Charles Shaar. Sleevenotes to CD reissue of The Boomtown Rats, reproduced at [1]. Retrieved on 2007-01-21.
10. ^ Joynson, Vernon (2001). Up Yours! A Guide to UK Punk, New Wave & Early Post Punk. Wolverhampton: Borderline Publications. pp. 12. ISBN 1-899855-13-0. "For a while in 1976 and 1977 the terms punk and new wave were largely interchangeable. By 1978, things were beginning to change, although the dividing line between punk and new wave was never very clear."
11. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} The Death of New Wave Theo Cateforis Assistant Professor of Music History and Cultures in the Department of Art and Music Histories at Syracuse University 2009
12. ^ Joynson, Vernon (2001). Up Yours! A Guide to UK Punk, New Wave & Early Post Punk. Wolverhampton: Borderline Publications. pp. 11. ISBN 1-899855-13-0.
13. ^ Adams, Bobby. "Nick Lowe: A Candid Interview", Bomp magazine, January 1979, reproduced at [2]. Accessed January 21, 2007.
14. ^ Album Review Look Sharp
15. ^ ^{a b c d e} Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture Page 365
16. ^ Clinton Heylin, Babylon's Burning (Conongate, 2007), p. 17.
17. ^ Savage, Jon. (1991) England's Dreaming, Faber & Faber
18. ^ Power Pop genre Allmusic
19. ^ Post-Punk Allmusic
20. ^ Greil Marcus, Ranters and Crowd Pleasers, p. 109.
21. ^ Punk Rock Brings out a New Wave Associated Press October 29, 1977
22. ^ John Foxx Interviewed - The Quiet Man Speaks, , The Quietus, November 7, 2008
23. ^ ^{a b} Genre Punk/New Wave Allmusic
24. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} St. James encyclopedia of Pop Culture
25. ^ Anthems of the Blank Generation Time Magazine July 11, 1977 issue
26. ^ American Punk Rock Allmusic
27. ^ Is New-Wave Rock on the Way Out? Los Angeles Times February 16, 1980 posted by "The Daily Mirror" a Los Angeles Times blog February 16, 2010
28. ^ ^{a b c} Rip It Up and Start Again Postpunk 1978-1984 by Simon Reynolds Pages 340,342-343
29. ^ 1986 Knight Ridder news article
30. ^ The Pop Life The New York Times June 15, 1988
31. ^ Rock Still Favorite Teen-Age music Gainesville Sun April 13, 1983
32. ^ Crossover: Pop Music thrives on black-white blend Knight Ridder News Service September 4, 1986
33. ^ Where Are They Now: '80s New Wave Musicians ABC News 29 November 2007
34. ^ Goth styles and new wave tunes at weekly '80s night Newsday September 9, 2009
35. ^ ^{a b c} The decade that never dies Still ’80s Fetishizing in ’09 Yale Daily News October 23, 2009
36. ^ But what does it all mean? How to decode the John Hughes high school movies The Guardian September 26, 2008
37. ^ The History of Rock Music: 1989-1994 by Piero Scaruffi
38. ^ ^{a b c} New Wave/Post Punk Revival Allmusic
39. ^ POP REVIEW; "Knowing Just How Hard It Is to Be a Teen-Ager," New York Times, April 18, 1996
40. ^ http://www.spinner.com/2009/11/24/coldplay-a-ha-mew-form-apparatjik/
41. ^ Shiny Toy Guns Allmusic bio
42. ^ Hockey Allmusic bio
43. ^ "New wave is back — in hot new bands," MSNBC September 17, 2004
44. ^ Gwen Stefani MTV biography
45. ^ "Gwen Stefani's New Video Hits YouTube," People, November 15, 2007
46. ^ Indie-rock band The Bravery records all the time and everywhere Schnectady Daily Gazette July 23, 2009
47. ^ "Daily Disc: The Ting Tings, We Started Nothing," CanWest New Service June 17, 2008
48. ^ "Download this: Ting Tings," Minneapolis Star Tribune, June 7, 2008
49. ^ "Critics’ Choice New CDs," New York Times April 28, 2008
50. ^ Feathers fly over Ladyhawke's origins Sydney Morning Herald November 6, 2009
51. ^ Reynolds, Simon. Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978-1984 p. 398
52. ^ Tudor, Silke (11 September 2002), House of Tudor, http://www.sfweekly.com/2002-09-11/music/house-of-tudor/, retrieved 2007-06-25
53. ^ MTV Artist biography The Sounds

External links

• About.com Profile of the New Wave Genre
• Encyclopedia Britannica Definition
• St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Article
• Punk 2 New Wave Top 100 list and short reviews
• Rolling Stone Magazine's Rock and Roll Daily blog Favorite 1980s New Wave Lists Reporters, Readers
• A Real New Wave Rolls Out of Ohio Robert Christgau for The Village Voice April 17, 1978
• 1997 Interview with Brat Pack Film Director John Hughes Published MTV August 7, 2009
• Walking on the Moon: The Untold Story of the Police and the Rise of New Wave book by Chris Campion previewed by Google Books
• Rock Against the Bloc A look back at the Punk/New Wave movement in Poland by the Krakow Post 1 February 2010
• Drowning In My Nostalgia Philippine Inquirer September 7, 2002 A critic looks back at her teenage fan days in The Philippines and Los Angeles

Categories: New Wave music | Punk genres | Postmodern art | 1980s in music | 2000s in music | Alternative rock | Pop music genres | Rock music genres | Electronic music genres

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